Direct dye is populae and conventional dye. There are some popular dyeing method of direct dyeing with suitable dyeing machine those are describeb bellow:
I. Batch method: With batch dyeing, the dyeing method to be selected in each case depends on the type of dyeing equipment (loading system, winch vat, jig, paddle or jet), the nature of the material to be dyed, as well as the solubility and the affinity of the dye. Before the actual dyeing process, the material is pre-treated with a wetting agent. The dye is mixed into a paste with some warm water, and is then diluted with more water, boiled up, filtered, and then added to the dyebath.
Whilst the bath, with the fabric, heats up to the optimum temperature (usually 80–90°C), the electrolyte is added, gradually if necessary. Dyeing takes 30–60 minutes. After the dyebath has been run off, the dyed material is briefly rinsed with cold water and, in general, subjected to after-treatment. The dyeing process is divided into 3 phases: a) uptake (adsorption) through substantivity; b) penetration of the dye into the fibre (diffusion); c) bonding to the fibre (immobilisation) through van der Waals interactions. Assurance of level take-up through progessive addition of salt, temperature control, sufficiently long dyeing time, and use of levelling agents.
II. High-temperature dyeing method: With suitable dyes, one can work in a closed system at temperatures over 100°C (up to approx. 130°). Due to the rapid diffusion rate, particularly level dyeings are achieved with short dyeing times, even with fabric with difficult dye penetration. After the high-temperature phase, the dyebath is cooled down to 80–90°C, with dye pick-up continuing, and the result is the same depth of colour as in the normal dyeing method at 80–90°C.
III. Continuous and semi-continuous method: With these so-called pad methods, the dyeing material, mostly in the form of woven fabric, is first of all steeped in a concentrated dye solution, passed full-width through a trough filled with the dye solution, and subsequently the excess liquor is removed between the rubber rollers. With high fabric speed, temperatures as low as possible (30–40°C for light shades, 60–80°C for medium to dark shades), and with the minimum amount of pad liquor, the situation can be avoided where the dye already picks up substantively in the padding process. Distinction may be made between the following methods:
1. Pad-jig method: Pad, salt bath develop on jig or winch vat.
2. Pad-roll method: Pad, heat up in an IR zone, roll up and rotate in a dwell chamber for a considerable time under fixation temperature/moisture conditions.
3. Pad-salt method: Pad, pass through salt solution at boil in continuous piece-dyeing machine (light shades only; for darker shades an intermediate steam process is necessary).
4. Pad-steam method: Pad, continuous steam, optional final salt bath.
5. HT-steam method: Pad, HT-steam.
Whilst the bath, with the fabric, heats up to the optimum temperature (usually 80–90°C), the electrolyte is added, gradually if necessary. Dyeing takes 30–60 minutes. After the dyebath has been run off, the dyed material is briefly rinsed with cold water and, in general, subjected to after-treatment. The dyeing process is divided into 3 phases: a) uptake (adsorption) through substantivity; b) penetration of the dye into the fibre (diffusion); c) bonding to the fibre (immobilisation) through van der Waals interactions. Assurance of level take-up through progessive addition of salt, temperature control, sufficiently long dyeing time, and use of levelling agents.
II. High-temperature dyeing method: With suitable dyes, one can work in a closed system at temperatures over 100°C (up to approx. 130°). Due to the rapid diffusion rate, particularly level dyeings are achieved with short dyeing times, even with fabric with difficult dye penetration. After the high-temperature phase, the dyebath is cooled down to 80–90°C, with dye pick-up continuing, and the result is the same depth of colour as in the normal dyeing method at 80–90°C.
III. Continuous and semi-continuous method: With these so-called pad methods, the dyeing material, mostly in the form of woven fabric, is first of all steeped in a concentrated dye solution, passed full-width through a trough filled with the dye solution, and subsequently the excess liquor is removed between the rubber rollers. With high fabric speed, temperatures as low as possible (30–40°C for light shades, 60–80°C for medium to dark shades), and with the minimum amount of pad liquor, the situation can be avoided where the dye already picks up substantively in the padding process. Distinction may be made between the following methods:
1. Pad-jig method: Pad, salt bath develop on jig or winch vat.
2. Pad-roll method: Pad, heat up in an IR zone, roll up and rotate in a dwell chamber for a considerable time under fixation temperature/moisture conditions.
3. Pad-salt method: Pad, pass through salt solution at boil in continuous piece-dyeing machine (light shades only; for darker shades an intermediate steam process is necessary).
4. Pad-steam method: Pad, continuous steam, optional final salt bath.
5. HT-steam method: Pad, HT-steam.
After-treatment: The wetfastness properties of direct dyeings are not adequate for the demands of everyday use, particularly in medium and deep shades.
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